McDonalds Entry into the Chinese Market

Introduction Following the advent of globalization, many companies that previously operated in the local markets have sought to establish businesses in foreign markets. Globalization refers to the process of integrating people with governments and organizations across the globe. One of the major limitations the companies that seek to exploit foreign markets may face is the challenge of linking franchises established in foreign nations to the organizational culture and polices.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on McDonald’s Entry into the Chinese Market specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, globalization has eased communication partly due to the recent immense development in telephone and internet technologies. This implies that the challenges of expanding markets that were experienced by organizations seeking to take their businesses globally have been incredibly eased. Consequently, the term internationa l firm has become a common terminology in the international business debates. Kottler (2000) described an international organization as the one, which conducts businesses in more than one nation (p.34). However, when making a market entry into new nations, an international organization has to choose appropriate market entry methods because each nation acts as a market segment whose consumption is determined by a variety of factors such as culture, economic, social, and political affiliations among others. These factors are different in every nation. In this context, this paper finds it indispensable to analyze the factors that affect a firm’s decision-making process on the choice of entry modes to the foreign markets coupled with the impacts of the entry modes on business practices and success. The focus is on western nations’ organizations entry into the Asian markets. The paper presents this by considering the case of MacDonald’s entry into the Chinese markets . The paper specifically considers Asia as the one that that has undergone tremendous growth within the last three decades. Consequently, emanating from the economic advantages, western organizations such as MacDonald have considered extending their operations into the Asian regions in a variety of ways. As such, the paper further presents these ways with the aid of a review of the relevant theories on foreign entry modes followed by identification of the mode(s) of entry that MacDonald adopted in China. The case study report also investigates and analyzes the factors contributing to MacDonald’s decision on the choice of the entry mode(s) coupled with evaluation of the advantages gained, as well as the difficulties experienced by MacDonald because of implementing such a mode or modes. Finally, the paper discusses the lessons learned from the firm’s experience on the choice of the entry mode(s). Literature Review Factors influencing a firm’s decision to enter int o new markets Many western firms are currently becoming internationalized. The initial choice of the crucial market entry mode in the foreign market may produce imperative implications on successful entry of a company along with its survival in the international market. Arguably, therefore, the decision on survival mechanisms in the foreign nations is a mega step that a firm has to make before channeling its resources to establish its presence in the foreign nations.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another crucial decision encompasses the entry mode in the international business (Hague Jackson, 2006, p.47). Firms can accomplish entry modes in foreign markets through several ways. Typical examples include licensing, joint ventures, exporting, and franchising among others. However, essential to note is that each of the entry modes possesses some merits and demerits. Hough an d Neuland (2000) conduct an analysis of these market entry modes (p.13). According to the authors, exporting is the easiest mode of selling a firm’s products in foreign markets. It permits an organization to indirectly or directly export. Indirect exporting involves the sale of a firm’s products in the foreign markets through an agent based in the home markets while direct exporting involves a firm that sells its products directly to an importer or a buyer in a foreign market. On the other hand, licensing involves an agreement in which â€Å"a licensor grants the rights to intangible property to another licensee for a specified period† (Hough Neuland, 2000, p.21). In return, the licensor receives a royalty fee from the licensee. Franchising involves entering long relationships in comparison to licensing. In the relationship between the franchisor and franchisee, the franchisor sells critical property, for instance, a trademark to the franchisee. The franchisor also acquires the franchisee’s contractual responsibility to abide by all the rules on its business regulations. Joint ventures constitute business collaboration between two companies based in two or more countries, which share ownership of an enterprise established jointly for the production, and/or distribution of goods and services. Various factors define the relativity of the appropriateness of the chosen entry mode. They are economic and political risks, trade barriers, social risks, and transportation costs among others. Consequently, firms seeking to establish themselves globally need to consider economics and other dynamics of the target nations (Beamish, Morrison Rosenzweig, 2005, p.99). Essentially, it is desirable for globalizing companies to have plausible information about size coupled with rates of growth of the foreign nation’s markets, financial positions, population characteristics, and more importantly, the labour costs. This implies that leaders of firms need to know that the attractiveness of foreign market opportunities is different among different business industries, as well as individual companies (Hibbert, 2005, p.17). Organizations seeking to establish operations in the international business need to do a number of things. According to Hibbert (2005), some of these things include evaluation of international markets business opportunities, conducting analysis to an extent to which a firm may be able to establish potential opportunities for growth in foreign nations making a decision on the appropriate market strategy, innovating marketing strategies, and then conducting standardization of various global operations (p.33).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on McDonald’s Entry into the Chinese Market specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Financial crisis and strategic decision to capitalize on Asian market Following the global financial crisis, many firm s embarked on seeking to enhance their competiveness for them to survive through the financial crunch. One of the strategies to realize this goal was to look for new markets particularly where an organization may perceive to experience milder effects of economic down time. When the western nations encountered challenges of reduced businesses, the global financial crisis did not even spare the possible alternative place -Asia- where such firms could establish new markets. Indeed, Asian nations encountered the global financial crisis in the late 2008 originating from Europe and the U.S. Consequently, the Asian gross domestic product growth rates immensely fell down. The aftermath was a substantive drop in exports. Additionally, foreign direct investment to Asian countries reduced significantly. However, by August 2009 China and India coupled with other emerging economies in the Asian regions had started to depict some signs of recovery from the global economic crunch. In fact, with re gard to a survey conducted by the Economist magazine, Singapore, China, Korea, and Japan, showed quarter-on-quarter annualized GDP growth of 21%, 15%, 10%, and 0.9% respectively (Ross, 2003, p.9). Even though the accuracy of this data may be debatable, the trend shows that Asian countries were able to recover from the economic crunch much faster as compared to other countries especially those in the west. Deductively, this incredible growth of Asian economies creates mega opportunities for global businesses. This is in sharp contrast to the economies of western countries whose growth remains uncertain. This may explain why global economic activity is shifting to Asia. Globalization theory and capitalization on Asian markets The quest of MacDonald to establish franchises in China closely relates with advantage accruing from globalization because globalization has intensively altered the manner in which firms conduct businesses at the international fronts. In this context, Cooper and Schindler (2008) argue that stemming from technological sophistication and communication coupled with general infrastructural developments, businesses are capacitated to supply and/or distribute goods and services virtually in every geographical location across the globe (p.41). Nevertheless, venturing into international markets is a risky endeavor. This argument arises because firms ought to be prepared and organized strategically to overcome cultural impediments, differences in currency and language barriers coupled with regulatory, and existing legal environments that may be inconsistent with the organizational policies.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, firms that have substantial capital bases among other resources can easily sail through these impediments without having to rely on other external aid. However, those companies that do not have substantial resources to aid them in overcoming the impediments to operations in the international markets, more often than not, have to consider altering their polices to suit particular market. This means that although such companies may be using the same brand name, they are predominantly characterized by non-homogeneity in organizational polices. This makes it possible for them to penetrate international markets. A myriad of reasons explains why organizations may consider diversifying their markets to include global markets. Many researchers contend, â€Å"The emergence of demand potentials in the foreign markets is one of the common reasons† (Hough Neuland, 2000, p.23). Directly congruent with this argument, Hough and Neuland (2000) maintain that sales expansion, acquisi tion of new resources need to minimize risks, depreciation of currencies, and local market saturation account for the internationalization of business (p.39). Arguably, therefore, internationalization of business may incredibly aid in facilitating a business to achieve immense economies of scale. Consumption theory and capitalization on Asian markets The consumption theory holds that when the consumption patterns of the consumer increases on the positive side, many firms would tend to move in and meet the demand created. Such a situation is experienced in China since the nation has a big consumption economy akin to its large population. A strategic decision for western firms to enter this market can make the firms attain large economies of scale. For instance, by the year 2009, McDonald had about 800 outlets already in operation in China. This was an immense success of the company since its entry into the Chinese market from ealry1990’s. The success in the Chinese market reco rded by McDonald had forced other western companies to consider establishing themselves in Asian nations. In particular, the Chinese economy has been growing tremendously within the last two decades of MacDonald’s presence. In this end, Ross (2003) argues that Chinese and Indian economies stand probabilities of accounting for 50 percent of the global domestic product by the year 2030 (p.15). The attractiveness of the Chinese market to western organisation such as MacDonald rests on the shifting demographics, hiking incomes, growing of consumer spending, and the ever-increasing free and fair business environment. In addition to the increase in consumer spending, some other factors such as increased cost of production and dwindled sales in the local home markets among other factors have made American and European firms consider establishing themselves in Asian nations such as China and India (Hill, Cronk Wickramasekera, 2011, p.113). Increased consumption on Asian markets is e xemplified by the case of China where there is an increase in consumer credit. The repercussion is that young people are more likely to buy on credit in comparison with old people. In fact, young people are stronger when it comes to consumer expenditure and credit. Consequently, China is currently hosting several global leading brands among them Adidas, Wal-Mart, Sanofi, Tesco, and others. Methodology This case study report paper deploys secondary data acquired from the existing literature on the international business. An analysis of the data garnered is conducted to develop theories that can explain the entry methods used by international firms to penetrate new markets in foreign nations. These theories can then be linked closely with MacDonald’s strategies for penetration of Chinese market. Consequently, a case study of MacDonald’s strategies of colonization of new international markets is scrutinized in relation to existing theories on international business. The s econdary data utilized in this paper come from sources including scholarly journals, internet, magazines, newspapers, and books. Results The results of the case study indicate that McDonald is a world leading US-based fast food retailer. In the modern day, the company has over 33,000 stores in about 119 countries. The key to this immense expansion of the company rests on the company’s capacity to understand its customers’ need coupled with refinement of its business polices to suit the target market. The foreign market entry mode used by MacDonald is franchising. In the new franchises, the company sells high quality yet affordable products. In the franchise agreement, â€Å"MacDonald grants the right to sell McDonald’s branded products to a prospective franchisee† (Hough Neuland, 2000, p.25). The agreement gives the company the power to decide on the operating methods, marketing, and the quality of their products. McDonald’s owns or leases the est ablishment. The franchisee purchases â€Å"the equipment, fittings, and the right to operate the franchise for 20 years† (Hough Neuland, 2000, p.27). To achieve worldwide homogeneity, all franchisees must use standardized McDonald’s branding. These include their menus, their design layouts, and the administration systems. Analysis and discussions MacDonald was established in Illinois in 1955. According to Cooper and Schindler (2008), McDonald had opened its first outlet outside the US by 1967 (in Canada), and had expanded to Australia, Japan, and Europe by the year 1971 (p.32). Since then the company has experienced tremendous growth, and has extended its operations to many nations including China. One of the success factors of the company is that it has been able to satisfy the Chinese needs for food safety. The strategies for penetration into the Chinese market adopted by MacDonald are valid depending on population characteristics and other market traits. In this en d, markets chosen for expansion by McDonald’s are positively associated with high gross domestic product per capita, population size and distribution, and urbanization (Clode, 2011, p.22). Nevertheless, the company faces competition in China. Consequently, the company’s operation in China makes it is apparent that it conducts studies of changes in markets in an attempt to develop products that meet the needs of consumers. The implication of this strategic decision is that the company takes it within its mandate to develop products that are cost competitive besides looking at the long-term growth possibilities once it has made a new market entry. From the results of the study, it is also evident that the highest percent of McDonald’s restaurants are franchises, this being the market entry mode adopted by the company to get into foreign markets. Therefore, a cute selection of a franchisee is a central concern for the success of McDonald in China. In this end, the company accords various conditions for its potential franchisees. The concerned parties have to agree and settle upon these conditions on a legal contract. The conditions include the following promises: a franchisee would be honest, have business experience in the industry, have successful accomplishments, commitment to the franchisor, and a significant capital base. The results have also indicated that McDonald develops products consistent with the local food tastes of a particular market. This measure helps the company internalize the inferred local knowledge of franchisees into its wider operations (Hill, Cronk, Wickramasekera, 2011, p.62). Akin to the needs to survive in the foreign market having competition, a major survival tactic adopted by MacDonald in China is rebranding its products to meet the anticipations of the target market. For this reason, McDonald launched the Chickileaks campaign in China. The central concern of the campaign was to educate and make sure that Chin ese people rest assured that the products offered by the company are fresh and safe. The campaign also enabled McDonald to establish a competitive edge in the market amid the rooming competitions from KFC and Yum. McDonald encountered consumers in China who had different eating preferences compared to the U.S. consumers. For instance, the Chinese people prefer chicken to beef. This posed a challenge to the company since it entered the Chinese market with the intention of distributing beef products. On the other hand, competitors such as KFC were distributing chicken products. McDonald’s Chickileaks campaign is a key indicator that an organization seeking to establish business internationally needs to ensure that it merges its products and policies with culture, values, beliefs, and traditions of the people inhabiting the new target market. McDonald identified that, in its new market, there was a problem. Strategically, it moved to create a solution to the problem in the new m arket by designing a campaign to address the challenge. Essentially, therefore, MacDonald exemplifies the practical application of the thing that an organization seeking to establish itself in the foreign markets must do. Among these things are evaluation of international markets and innovation of marketing strategies among others. A major concern is on how MacDonald would maintain its success in China. According to Gilroy (2011), this is achievable through maintaining a steadfast focus on consistency, quality, and cautiously trying out other new options (Para.5). Conclusion and Implications Even though while making the strategic decision to establish MacDonald franchise in China may be taken as one of the ample decisions that has resulted to making the company more competitive, various challenges have been encountered. Firstly, China’s market is non-uniform and non-homogeneous. This is attributable to irregularities of economic growth in differing regions of the nation. Cons equently, aggravation of various social, political, and economic differences across different Chinese provinces has been experienced. This truncates into wide variation of consumer spending behavior in different provinces. The argument here is that China is ideally not a single market but a collection of a myriad of submarkets. These submarkets have distinct cultural, political, social, demographic, and economic characteristics. Any company seeking entry into the Chinese markets must take into consideration all these factors and orient their policies to suit the dynamics of the Chinese markets. The implication of this concern is that organizations need to choose an entry mode that exposes them to a minimal risk. This is necessary for internationalizing companies to maximize profits coupled with long-term growth. Internationalizing companies need to take advantage of various available opportunities through integration of a myriad of market strategies. The implication of this recommen dation is that decisions made by companies in matters of entering any market need to factor in the characteristics of nations in which they seek to establish business. This is critical to enable a company to determine the scale of investment in the new market. Therefore, new markets entry modes decisions need to be made from the basis of well-researched markets conducted within the countries of interest. This implies that the political and economic instabilities of the past and the possibility of more problems in the same nation or surrounding nations need to be taken into consideration. Additionally, market forces have an effect on the growth of the company’s markets and economy, and hence disposable income of potential customers. The implication is that by internationalizing firms one needs to make subtle market entry decision during their first entry into the foreign nations’ markets. Reference List Beamish, W., Morrison, A., Rosenzweig, M. (2005). International Ma nagement: Text and Cases (3rd ed.). Chicago: Irwin. Clode, J. (2011). McDonald’s Exposes ‘Chickileaks’ in China. Global News, 1(1), 22. Cooper, R., Schindler, S. (2008). Business Research Methods (6th ed.) Singapore: Irwin/Mcgraw. Gilroy, D. (2011). McDonald’s China: ‘Chickileaks’ the Truth about McChicken. ChinaSmack. Retrieved from https://advertising.chinasmack.com/2011/mcdonalds-china-chickileaks-the-truth-about-chicken.html. Hague, P., Jackson, P. (2006). A guide to planning, methodology and evaluation: Market Research. London: Kogan Page. Hibbert, P. (2005). International Business. Strategy and Operations. London: Macmillan Press. Hill, C., Cronk, T., Wickramasekera, R. (2011). Global Business Today: Asia Pacific. Sydney: McGraw Hill Australia Pty Ltd. Hough, J., Neuland, W. (2000). Global Business. Environments and Strategies Managing for Global Competitive Advantage. Cape Town: Oxford. Kottler, P. (2000). Marketing Management: The Millennium Edition. New Jersey, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Ross, B. (2003). Market entry methods for western firms in China, Asia Pacific. Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 15(4), 3–18. This report on McDonald’s Entry into the Chinese Market was written and submitted by user Lily Benjamin to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Whose Responsibilities for Tragedy Outcome of Othello essays

Whose Responsibilities for Tragedy Outcome of Othello essays At the end of Othello story, some characters were fated to die. There was not only element; a villain of Iago took advantage of everyone toward his goal, but also had other causes to lead the tragic end. In order to discuss responsibilities for tragic outcome of Othello, there could divide into several parts. First of all, most powerful influence of tragic outcome was by the villain of Iago. Hostility of Iago was against Othello because Othello had appointed the great position of lieutenant for Michael Cassio, but not for Iago who considered himself more qualified than Cassio to serve as lieutenant. Iago felt betrayed, so he was able to manipulate others to do things in a way that benefits him and moved him closer toward his goals. He was the main driving force in this play, pushing Othello and everyone else towards their tragic end. On the other hand, if evil of Iago did not take advantage of everyone toward his goal in this story, the tragic end would not occur at least. Next is tragic hero of Othello whose tragic fault was his gullibility in believing Iago and distrusted his wife. Even he was superior and respected by everyone, he had no way of knowing about women and domestic life. Apparently, his jealous blindly tended to take everything that he saw and Iago told he everything at face value without questioning the circumstances. If Othello did not insecure over Desdemona and communicated with her that Iago could not have a chance to control Othello into killing Desdemona. Furthermore, Emilia, the wife of Iago, was unforeseeable her and others death by taking handkerchief for Iago who wooed Emilia hundred times to steal it from Desdemona. Even Emilia didnt know what purpose of Iago was, she still stole handkerchief to please her husband. However, Desdemonas handkerchief itself appeared to exert unusual powers. For example, Othello saw the handkerchief as proof of Desdemo ...

Everson v. Board of Education - Religious Liberty

Everson v. Board of Education - Religious Liberty Under a New Jersey statute that allowed local school districts to fund the transportation of children to and from schools, the Board of Education of Ewing Township authorized reimbursement to parents forced to bus their children to school using regular public transportation. Part of this money was to pay for the transportation of some children to Catholic parochial schools and not just public schools. A local taxpayer filed suit, challenging the right of the Board to reimburse parents of parochial school students. He argued that the statute violated both the State and the Federal Constitutions. This court agreed and ruled hat the legislature did not have the authority to provide such reimbursements. Fast Facts: Everson v. Board of Education of the Township of Ewing Case Argued: November 20, 1946Decision Issued:  February 10, 1947Petitioner: Arch R. EversonRespondent: Board of Education of the Township of EwingKey Question: Did the New Jersey law authorizing reimbursement by local school boards for the costs of transportation to and from schools- including private schools, the majority of which were parochial Catholic schools- violate the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment?Majority Decision: Justices Vinson, Reed, Douglas, Murphy, and BlackDissenting: Justices Jackson, Frankfurter, Rutledge, and Burton  Ruling: Reasoning that the law did not pay money to parochial schools, nor did it support them directly in any way, New Jersey’s law reimbursing parents for transportation costs to parochial schools did not violate the Establishment Clause. Court Decision The Supreme Court ruled against the plaintiff, holding that the government was allowed to reimburse the parents of parochial school children for the costs incurred by sending them to school on public buses. As the Court noted, the legal challenged was based on two arguments: First, the law authorized the state to take money from some people and give it to others for their own private purposes, a violation of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Second, the law forced taxpayers to support religious education at Catholic schools, thus resulting in using State power to support religion - a violation of the First Amendment. The Court rejected both arguments. The first argument was rejected on the grounds that the tax was for a public purpose - educating children - and so the fact that it coincided with someones personal desires does not render a law unconstitutional. When reviewing the second argument, the majority decision, referencing  Reynolds v. United States: The establishment of religion clause of the First Amendment means at least this: Neither a state nor the Federal Government can set up a church. Neither can pass laws which aid one religion, aid all religions, or prefer one religion over another. Neither can force nor influence a person to go to or to remain away from church against his will or force him to profess a belief or disbelief in any religion. No person can be punished for entertaining or professing religious beliefs or disbeliefs, for church attendance or non-attendance. No tax in any amount, large or small, can be levied to support any religious activities or institutions, whatever they may be called, or whatever form they may adopt to teach or practice religion. Neither a state nor the Federal Government can, openly or secretly, participate in the affairs of any religious organizations or groups and vice versa. In the words of Jefferson, the clause against establishment of religion by law was intended to erect a wall of separation between Church and State. Amazingly, even after admitting this, the Court failed to find any such violation in collecting taxes for the purpose of sending children to a religious school. According to the Court, providing for transportation is analogous to providing police protection along the same transportation routes - it benefits everyone, and therefore should not be refused to some because of the religious nature of their end destination. Justice Jackson, in his dissent, noted the inconsistency between the strong affirmation of the separation of church and state and the final conclusions reached. According to Jackson, the Courts decision required making both unsupported assumptions of fact and ignoring actual facts which were supported. In the first place, the Court assumed that this was part of a general program to help parents of any religion get their children safely and quickly to and from accredited schools, but Jackson noted that this was not true: The Township of Ewing is not furnishing transportation to the children in any form; it is not operating school busses itself or contracting for their operation; and it is not performing any public service of any kind with this taxpayers money. All school children are left to ride as ordinary paying passengers on the regular buses operated by the public transportation system. What the Township does, and what the taxpayer complains of, is at stated intervals to reimburse parents for the fares paid, provided the children attend either public schools or Catholic Church schools. This expenditure of tax funds has no possible effect on the childs safety or expedition in transit. As passengers on the public buses they travel as fast and no faster, and are as safe and no safer, since their parents are reimbursed as before. In the second place, the Court ignored the actual facts of religious discrimination which was occurring: The resolution which authorizes disbursement of this taxpayers money limits reimbursement to those who attend public schools and Catholic schools. That is the way the Act is applied to this taxpayer. The New Jersey Act in question makes the character of the school, not the needs of the children determine the eligibility of parents to reimbursement. The Act permits payment for transportation to parochial schools or public schools but prohibits it to private schools operated in whole or in part for profit. ...If all children of the state were objects of impartial solicitude, no reason is obvious for denying transportation reimbursement to students of this class, for these often are as needy and as worthy as those who go to public or parochial schools. Refusal to reimburse those who attend such schools is understandable only in the light of a purpose to aid the schools because the state might well abstain from aiding a profit-making private enterprise. As Jackson noted, the only reason for refusing to help children going to for-profit private schools is a desire not to aid those schools in their ventures - but this automatically means that giving reimbursements to children going to parochial schools means that the government is helping them. Significance This case reinforced the precedent of government money financing portions of religious, sectarian education by having those funds applied to activities other than direct religious education.

Answers for quiz questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Answers for quiz questions - Essay Example It engages the consumers into falsified meta-communication and disturbs the commodified social relations (Strasser 145). McRobbie explains the commodity feminism by using different T.V shows’ female characters as examples. She talks about the series ‘Sex in the City’ in which the female characters are independent and career oriented. McRobbie also talks about the popular pre-school TV program â€Å"Dora the Explorer†. The purpose of talking about the female characters is to determine the gender appropriation. The examples given by her are commonly known by all and they better describe the film’s discussion by bringing to light the gender roles in this subject. She believes Dora to be an empowered active female subject(Coleman 19). Question 3: The Duffy piece focuses on the rhetoric of authenticity in women’s magazines. Using the reading, explain what she means by this and identify an example from the film in which we’re sold a different type of authenticity. As the term authenticity is being focused in the context of the Magazine, it refers to the inner â€Å"Real† beauty. The authentic beauty is a real body’s imperfect physical beauty. There is an opinion that a woman should choose a physical look to demonstrate her inner, real beauty (Bose 170). The commercial culture has been deploying the appeals to the self-expression. Women’s magazine and advertisements have been infusing increasingly with the rhetoric of authenticity (Sedivy and Carlson 43) â€Å"Thin! Bronzed! Botoxed! Blonde! Too many women—even famous ones—are caving into a cookie-cutter standard of beauty. True glamour means not conforming to some standard.†Ã¢â‚¬â€Glamour Magazine, 2008 Question 4: Identify and describe an example from the film where you see advertisers use misdirection in language. What is this language concealing? Using the same ad/campaign, identify 2 ways in which it fits into one of the phases of advertising. The advertisers studies

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Define the role of government in public policy - Research Paper Example ich it can never be for the interest of any individual, or small number of individuals, to erect and maintain; because profit could never repay the expense to any individual or small number of individuals, though it may frequently do much more than repay it to a great society.† Adam Smith’s statement can be interpreted to mean that the role of government is in the area of defense, administration of justice, public works, and in building and maintaining institutions in the public interest. It is easy to interpret the first three: government’s role is in defense, justice, and in public works. However, the fourth can have several interpretations. In any case, much of economics has maintained that market is far more efficient than government in allocating private goods and services---provided that the goods or services have no externalities or additional benefits or harm (Rosen, 1995, pp. 61-89). Supposedly, there are also public goods which can be in the best interest of the public that government provides. However, much of economics has said that although government has a responsibility in making public goods or services available, the government can mobilize the private sector to produce the goods or services. Thus, this is the rationale for p rivatization and public-private partnerships: to make available certain goods and services that would be in the interest of the public to make available. On the other hand, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Bentham Mill, and Jean Jacques Rosseau emphasized a social contract between rulers and the ruled (Gaus & Kukathas, 2004, p. 23-24). However, given the possible variations of feasible interpretations that can be made on the statement of Adam Smith and given the range of needs that the ruled can demand on rulers on what constitute their obligations as rulers, the role of government in public policy can be anything that the public has successfully asserted politically. Of course, economists can talk of efficiency but as was

Push and Pull Strategy Essay Example for Free

Push and Pull Strategy Essay Push Strategy A â€Å"push† promotional strategy makes use of a companys sales force and trade promotion activities to create consumer demand for a product. The producer promotes the product to wholesalers, the wholesalers promote it to retailers, and the retailers promote it to consumers. A good example of push selling is mobile phones, where the major handset manufacturers such as Nokia promote their products via retailers such as Carphone Warehouse. Personal selling and trade promotions are often the most effective promotional tools for companies such as Nokia for example offering subsidies on the handsets to encourage retailers to sell higher volumes. A push strategy tries to sell directly to the consumer, bypassing other distribution channels (e.g. selling insurance or holidays directly). With this type of strategy, consumer promotions and advertising are the most likely promotional tools. Pull Strategy A â€Å"pull† selling strategy is one that requires high spending on advertising and consumer promotion to build up consumer demand for a product. If the strategy is successful, consumers will ask their retailers for the product, the retailers will ask the wholesalers, and the wholesalers will ask the producers. A good example of a pull is the heavy advertising and promotion of childrens’ toys – mainly on television. Consider the recent BBC promotional campaign for its new pre-school program – the Fimbles. Aimed at two to four-year-olds, 130 episodes of Fimbles have been made and are featured everyday on digital childrens channel CBeebies and BBC2. As part of the promotional campaign, the BBC has agreed a deal with toy maker Fisher-Price to market products based on the show, which it hopes will emulate the popularity of the Tweenies. Under the terms of the deal, Fisher-Price will develop, manufacture and distribute a range of Fimbles products including soft, plastic and electronic learning toys for the UK and Ireland. In 2001, BBC Worldwide (the commercial division of the BBC) achieved sales of  £90m from its childrens brands and properties last year. The demand created from broadcasting of the Fimbles and a major advertising campaign is likely to â€Å"pull† demand from children and encourage retailers to stock Fimbles toys in the stores for Christmas 2002. Difference Between Push And Pull Strategy Push marketing is when you use various activities to get your message in front of your ideal client. The marketer is in control of what the message is, how it is seen, when and where. Marketing activities that encourage your prospect to seek you out and find out whether you have something of value to offer them. Pull marketing activities build relationships and can include blogging, podcasting, article marketing and networking (both on and offline). Pull marketing uses the law of attraction, incorporating all the components of your personal brand to attract and retain these people as your biggest fans. Pull marketing is where you develop advertising and promotional strategies that are meant to entice the prospect to buy your product or service. Some classic examples are â€Å"half off!† or â€Å"bring in this coupon to save 25%† or â€Å"buy one get one free†, etc. With pull marketing, you are trying to create a sense of increased, time limited value so that the customer will come into your store to buy. Pull is not about pulling consumers in; it’s about giving consumers a reason to pull us in. Remember truism #1 – they’re in control; they (not we) decide where they go and what they experience. We’ve lost the right to pull consumers anywhere (if we ever really had that right at all.) Pull means that we to go to them, join their communities, give them reasons to voluntarily draw us into their personal media experiences. We’re not interrupting them. They’re opting into us.

Political Dilemmas and the Theories of the German Idealists :: Politics Political Science Papers

Does the Solution to our Present Moral and Political Dilemmas Lie in the Theories of the German Idealists? ABSTRACT: In the wake of the postmodernist onslaught one thing is certain: morality is in crisis. Where are we to look for answers? Perhaps to the German idealists—that is, to their bold synthesis of right and freedom. This paper seeks to bring the timely issue of absolute freedom and the possibility of its total realization back into ethical-political discussion. Through a close comparison of the theories of Fichte and Hegel via a critique of the former by the latter, I show that the antidote to many of our political, moral and theological distresses may well be found in Hegel’s concept of the State and Sittlichkeit-i.e., truly understood as the realization of absolute freedom, or the "We that is I." In the wake of the postmodernist onslaught one thing is certain: morality is in crisis. Where are we to look for answers? Perhaps to the German idealists.—That is, to their bold synthesis of right and freedom. This paper seeks to bring the timely issue of absolute freedom and the possibility of its total realization in today's world back into the center of ethical-political discussion. Through a close comparison of the theories of Fichte and Hegel via a critique of the former by the latter, I hope to show that the antidote to the bulk of our political, moral and theological distresses may well be found in Hegel's concept of the State and Sittlichkeit—i.e., truly understood. Namely, as the realization of absolute freedom, or the "We that is I." In a recent interview, Derrida was asked the following question: "We are . . . in a period of highly perfected, nearly consummate nihilism. Everyone is waiting to know where we are going, toward what should we be moving ourselves. Toward what does work such as yours lead?" Derrida responded: "I don't know. . . . I have no message."(1) In the wake of the postmodernist onslaught—or charade—one thing is certain: morality is in crisis. Where are we to look for answers? Perhaps to the German idealists—and to their bold synthesis of right and freedom. This paper seeks to bring the timely issue of absolute freedom and the possibility of its total realization in today's world back into the center of ethical-political discussion. Through a critical comparison of the theories of Fichte and Hegel I hope to show that the antidote to the bulk of our political, moral and theological distresses may well be found in Hegel’s concept of the State and Sittlichkeit—as truly understood.

Ponyo on the Cliff by the Sea: A better version of The Little Mermaid Essay

Ponyo on the Cliff by the Sea, written, directed and animated by Hayao Miyazaki, in the year 2009 was an animated movie aimed at young audiences and their parents. He took Hans Christian Andersen’s short story The Little Mermaid as a blueprint for portraying this poetic, fantastic work using adorable pictures with interesting and impressive storyline to attract audiences. I would personally consider the movie Ponyo on the Cliff by the Sea as an improved version of Andersen’s The Little Mermaid because Miyazaki had introduced a lot of new elements to make the story look more realistic and interesting by considering the current preferences of children’s. In this movie, Miyazaki has not only described the love between people and people, but he has also highlighted the relationship between creatures and people using a simple story line. Generally, I would perceive Ponyo on the Cliff by the Sea as a great animated movie because it contains various outstanding features such as simple but attractive story, visually appealing animated pictures which are far better compared to other animated movies released recently and the music in the movie is quite pleasant touching people’s soul. In the following part of the essay, I am going to describe how Miyazaki successfully captivated the audiences’ likenesses through his new movie: Ponyo on the Cliff by the Sea. There is a huge difference between the Hans Christian Andersen’s story The Little Mermaid and the Miyazaki’s movie Ponyo on the Cliff by the Sea. In the Andersen’s The Little Mermaid, there were so many children who got upset on her demise and her infatuation towards the prince. While suffering with great pain, she drank the potion and the Little Mermaid lost her tongue in exchange for her tongue, which was considered as the most beautiful part of the story, but still her sacrifice could not get the prince’s love. At last, her body turned into foam and it never existed again. According to Robinson, â€Å"the story’s agony and tragedy [actually loses] the people’s heart† (Robinson). Such a pathetic story used to break the children’s dreams. However, I would consider Hayao Miyazaki’s movie Ponyo on the Cliff by the Sea as an ameliorated story of The Little Mermaid because he slightly modified the ending of the story and introduced a lot of exciting elements to make the story more closely related with children’s preferences. Miyazaki has drawn several cute scenes about the main character girl Ponyo, such as eating noodles with her lover Sosuke and playing around with her pinky sisters. These scenes attracted the current generation of young audiences and made them fall in love into this adorable character and hence got them emotionally attached towards the movie. In addition to that, the climax of the movie was slightly changed that the Ponyo gets transformed into a little girl from a fish, so that she can be with Sosuke forever and it can be considered as one of the major difference when compared to the climax of The Little Mermaid’s. Therefore, I would personally consider the happy ending, the way of presentation and depicting characters as major elements making Ponyo on the Cliff by the Sea better than The Little Mermaid. People regard Ponyo on the Cliff by the Sea, not only as a better version of The Little Mermaid, but also consider it as a great animation movie due to its simple and attractive storyline. Although there are people who criticize that the story sounds weird, and like many of Miyazaki’s previous films, Ponyo is also written from a child’s perspective and with a child’s sense of logic (Rodriguez). Miyazaki has raised the complexity of the movie’s theme to a higher level, enabling both children and adults to think and enjoy. The audiences are provided with three ways to observe the main theme of the story, which is the love between people, families, and creatures. First the audiences could feel the love and the relationship between Ponyo and her father Fujimoto. In the story, their relationship is not so well due to the busy schedule of Fujimoto, which reduced the time spent by him to understand his daughters and vice-versa. As her mother was also busy and hardly available at home, Ponyo had very less time for interacting with her parents. Even though Fujimoto tried his best to take care of Ponyo, such as providing clean food and taking them out for sightseeing at the sea, she didn’t care much about her father’s feelings. The only thing that she wanted to do was to get away from her father. What Ponyo did was immature and completely understandable, because she was just a 5 year-old girl at that time. But I believe that Miyazaki wanted to stress the issue that there does exist children who are bound do the same thing with their parents as well, and he wanted the young audiences to understand that whatever their parents are doing is only for the love they have towards their children. Secondly, the audiences may notice how Sosuke loved his mother. Although his father used to leave him and his mother at home while going for fishing, he realized how to take good care of his mother and carry the responsibilities of the family as a whole. I do remember a scene, when Sosuke’s father called to apologize for not coming back for dinner which left Sosuke’s mother crying about that. At that time, Sosuke’s passes her a napkin, consoling her not to get sad about that. Sosuke doesn’t know the reason for her mother being upset, but his actions represent the second type of love, which indicates how the younger generation shows their love towards their parents. Finally Miyazaki wanted to express the pure love between the main characters, Ponyo and Sosuke to the audiences as the third kind of love. One of the scenes comprised of a test that Nereus had given to Sosuke. Without anybody’s help, any ship to drive, and any lights to walk in the tunnel, Sosuke builds his courage to take care of Ponyo, the one whom he loves a lot and he overcomes all the hurdles that come in his way. These scenes inspired me to think about the children of this era. It is common that children would cry and call for their parents when they encounter difficult situations; however, despite the worry about his mother’s disappearance at that moment, Sosuke tactfully handled all these challenges physically and mentally encouraging Ponyo too to be strong. Therefore, I personally think that the act of the 5 year-old boy, Sosuke should be highly appreciated because it is really not an easy task for a normal child to either handle or accomplish it. The only reason why Sosuke could do it is all because of the love he had towards Ponyo, which gave him the power to raise his courage to get through all the challenges. The factors that decide whether an animated movie was successful or not doesn’t purely depend on the storyline or content that the director wants to emphasize, but it also depends on the way the movie was filmed that embellishes the movie with eye-catchy and enthralling features. When compared with the Disney film The Little Mermaid, Ponyo on the Cliff by the Sea didn’t involve any Computer-Generated Imagery (CGI) work, which meant that the whole film was drawn by animators, and this further heightens the film’s natural characteristics. â€Å"In Miyazaki’s fertile imagination, the ordinary and magical worlds blend into each other; both are full of marvels† (Young). Young adds that Miyazaki’s movie provided softer and more realistic pictures to the audiences as all the things were hand-made. For example, I would personally consider the sea to be the most imaginative part of the movie. Miyazaki used his abundant imaginations in transforming the sea into a living character that can represent the mind of Ponyo’s father Fujimoto. One of the scenes is that, Fujimoto uses his magic to transform the sea into a living creature to chase Ponyo, but the sea couldn’t catch her and it fiercely outbursted onto the land. In addition to the much hyped imaginative scenes, Miyazaki had asked Joe Hisaishi to compose the background music for the movie. The movie became additionally attractive, as Hisaishi had used children to sing all the songs. Hence, these specialties made Ponyo on the Cliff by the Sea so special that it induced people to come and enjoy. In summary, Ponyo on the Cliff by the Sea possesses nice elements for being considered as a great animated movie. First of all, being structured similar to the traditional tale The Little Mermaid, Miyazaki’s movie is more appreciated by the audiences of this era as it had a better climax than the story and the more updated elements are provided to meet the expectations and interests of children. Secondly, the complexity of the movie initiates audiences to deeply think about how people should interpret love and relationship between people, families, or even lovers. Thirdly, with the inclusion of more animated pictures and intoxicated music, audiences felt emotionally attached to the movie, trying to feel the happiness and sadness of the characters in the movie. Even though there are people criticizing the movie, but I believe that it has already qualified as a good animation movie because Miyazaki has designed it to become approachable by both adults and children. I personally feel that people can get inspired by the love of the story, trying to practice it in the real world, and very soon the society will become more harmonious. People would become friendlier to each other, making the world a better place to live on. Works Cited Robinson, Tasha. â€Å"Ponyo. † 13 Aug. 2009. The Onion Inc. A. V. Club. 2 May 2010 . Rodriguez, Rene. â€Å"Review : Ponyo. † 14 Aug 2009. The Miami Herald. Miami Herald Media Co. 02 May 2010 . Young, Deborah. â€Å"Film Review: Ponyo on the Cliff by the Sea. † 30 Aug. 2008. The Hollywood Reporter. 2 May 2010. .

How Women Changed During the Civil War Essay

The Civil War was a defining moment in American history. It was the event which determined the fate of the nation as the American community was divided into two opposing sides. It was also a time of significant social change. The realm of war previously belonged to the men; it was the male soldiers who fought in the battlefields. However, the Civil War altered the situation. The status of women dramatically changed as they became active participants in the war effort. Indeed, the Civil War opened many opportunities for women and allowed them to be active members of society. This research paper aims to discuss how women changed during the American Civil War, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of the said changes. In the 19th Century America, men dominated society and women were regarded as inferior to them. Women lived under the authority of the opposite sex, either that of the father, husband or another relative (Massey, 1994). They were confined in the domestic sphere; their main concerns were their home and family. Women had no voice in the political arena because only the men had dealt with public affairs. Not only was it objectionable for women to fulfill men’s jobs, it was also disagreeable for them to wear men’s clothes (Eggleston, 2003). When the Civil War began, the social lines were blurred. Women suddenly were presented the chance to go beyond their realm and participate in the world of men. They were given roles and jobs that were not accessible to them before. Both the Union and the Confederacy allowed women to take part in the war effort. For the first time, the government allowed women to become doctors and nurses (Eggleston, 2003). Women also served as messengers and spies. Meanwhile, there are also those women whose contributions were domestic in nature; these include cooking, as well as mending and sewing uniforms for the soldiers (Eggleston, 2003; Silber, 2005). These activities may have been the same as those women were tasked to do in the past; however, there was a significant change. Before, women only did those jobs due to the necessity in the household. During the war, the women did those jobs due to the necessity of the nation. Their domestic activities were no longer performed for private purposes; they had become part of the public affairs. However, women were not merely passive participants. They were also directly involved in the war effort as soldiers. The battlefield was reserved for males, but the females eventually found themselves fighting the same war. Women became soldiers by concealing their real identities (Eggleston, 2003). There were many reasons why women opted to disguise themselves as male soldiers. There were those who fought in the war to either escape from their betrothal or to be with their loved ones. Some saw the war as an adventure and craved its excitement. There were others who saw fighting for its financial benefits and the opportunity to better provide for their families. Meanwhile, there were women who took part in the Civil War for more noble reasons; they went to war because they were compelled by duty and patriotism (Eggleston, 2003). Women had to resort to extreme measures to appear like male soldiers. There were women who were immediately discharged because the way they acted revealed their real identities (Eggleston, 2003). Meanwhile, there were women who dramatically changed their actions and behavior before enlistment to successfully disguise themselves. They modified the color of their complexion and learned how to chew tobacco. They used vests with pads to conceal their breasts; the pads also made them seem more bulky and masculine (Eggleston, 2003). Having women disguised as men in war had its share of difficulties. The problems arose from the different toilet habits as well as other personal routines (Eggleston, 2003). Nonetheless, the recruitment of young men in the army proved to be advantageous for the female soldiers. The army consisted mostly of boys, who were still shy and reserved around each other. Most of them were hesitant to relieve themselves in the company of other soldiers; to attend their toilet needs, they had to hide in the woods or others areas which offered privacy. The meek nature of young men was beneficial for the female soldiers because it allowed them to seek privacy without appearing unusual. In addition, the young men of the army have not yet started shaving, so it did not appear unusual for the females if they did not shave (Eggleston, 2003). It is remarkable that women have finally reached the public realm during the Civil War, even if they had to pretend as men to do so. However, that kind of participation had disadvantages. Women who had successfully kept their real identities hidden as part of the army suffered all the difficulties which came with war (Eggleston, 2003). Female soldiers were held captive by their opponents, brought to prison camps and killed in the battlefields. There were those who perished and buried without their real identities discovered. Because women soldiers were not supposed to be fighting in the war, their participation in the war was previously not acknowledged. There were even those who denied the direct involvement of women as soldiers (Blanton, n. d. ). The non-recognition of women fighters in the Civil War prevented the discovery of the total number of female soldiers who offered their services. The numbers available on record are merely estimates. This situation posited a real problem, as it undermined and ignored the contributions of women in the battlefield. During the American Civil War, women changed because they went beyond the roles that were initialed assigned to them. The war effort presented them to enter the public realm of men and participate in it. Women had indeed changed during that time, as they progressed from housewives to participants in war. Women even came in disguise to become soldiers. While it is a great thing that women became active members of the community, some of their contributions were not recognized or accurately recorded because of their secret identities. Nonetheless, this does not diminish that fact that women were a significant part of the American Civil War. References Blanton, D. (n. d. ). Women soldiers and nurses of the American civil war. American Civil War Website. Retrieved March 13, 2009, from http://americancivilwar. com/women/index. html Eggleston, L. G. (2003). Women in the Civil War: Extraordinary Stories of Soldiers, Spies, Nurses, Doctors, Crusaders and Others. North Carolina: McFarland. Massey, M. E. (1994). Women in the Civil War. Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. Siber, N. (2005). Daughters of the Union: Northern Women Fight the Civil War. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.

Waste Management Essay Essay Example

Waste Management Essay Essay Example Waste Management Essay Essay Waste Management Essay Essay IntroductionBackground of the Study RA 9003. otherwise known as the â€Å"Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000. † authorizations that segregation and aggregation of solid waste at beginning shall be conducted at the barangay degree specifically for biodegradable. compostable and reclaimable wastes. and that the several metropoliss and municipalities shall advance enterprises in the community to set about waste segregation and aggregation at beginning pursuant to the spirit of the jurisprudence. Complementing this proviso. the jurisprudence mandates that â€Å"collection of non-recyclable stuffs and particular wastes shall be the duty of the municipality or city† ( Section 10. RA 9003 ) . These authorizations are defined in conformity with the Local Government Code ( RA7160 ) . Recently. the metropolis of Manila enacted City Ordinance No. 7876 which provides steps for the proper segregation of rubbish. Under this regulation. all waste stuffs belong to either one of the undermentioned groups: biodegradable ( nabubulok ) . non-biodegradable ( di-nabubulok ) . and residuary. Each class of refuse is. in bend. collected by the metropolis service at specified yearss of the hebdomad. Rizal Technological University ( RTU ) for its portion. has taken a figure of stairss toward bettering its ain waste direction system. An Environmental Research Department has been established to research and implement executable systems for refuse aggregation and segregation. In RTU-Mandaluyong. biodegradable and non-biodegradable refuse are being segregated into separate rubbish bins. Recently. ( 2012 ) Rizal Technological University joined the National Search for the Most Eco-Friendly School. a plan measuring the school environmental plans. energy preservation undertakings. H2O use systems and refuse disposal policies. In add-on. the University’s Environmental Research Department implemented â€Å"No Plastic Policy† . which started last 2010. purely enforcing the ordinance of disposable fictile stuffs among the pupils. module and the university canteen and nutrient shops ( as cited in RTU one-year accomplishment study ) . However. in malice of these steps. the University is still dawdling behind in making something for direction of solid waste. This survey will give us an mentality of the current position of the university’s Solid Waste Management Program. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Impacts of Rapid Population Growth and Urbanization on Waste Management As human population additions. the rapid depletion of natural resources is go oning in all states and significantly striving the quality of the planet’s H2O. dirt. and air. therefore straight lending to environmental impairment. It is estimated that the Earth’s renewable natural resources has declined by over 30 per centum over the last 30 old ages while the demands on them has increased by 50 per centum. Hence. sustainability is a job. ( Torres. 2010 ) This environmental impairment is made worse by urbanisation and promotions in societies brought approximately by engineering. Whenever something is thrown out or is considered to be waste. resources are lost. This call for the extraction of more natural resources to refill our society’s neer stoping demand for more merchandises. Inevitably. these new merchandises are used and finally thrown off as waste and the rhythm continues. As our waste piles up to eternity. the earth’s natural resources merely go more perceptibly finite. ( Baula. 2010 ) A factor that could decline the environmental crisis is the increasing accretion of solid wastes which either have no opposite number in nature or which have non been decently disposed ( Arias. 1998 ) . Solid wastes have been identified as one of the most of import environmental jobs of urbanisation. For an urban centre with rapid urban migration. hapless solid waste direction patterns are considered as black activities. ( Ballados. 2010 ) Based on estimations. waste coevals in Asia has reached 1 million dozenss per twenty-four hours. Solid-waste direction has become an of import issue in the Asia-Pacific part. and it needs to be resolved through an integrated community. private sector. and policy-based attack. ( Asiatic Productivity Organization. 2007 ) In the Philippines. the national population continues to increase in an accelerating rate and it is the â€Å"sixteenth most thickly settled. out of more than 190 countries† . ( Magalona and Malayang. 2001 ) . The country’s population exhibited a immense addition from 27 million in the 1960’s to 88. 57 million in 2007. ( Espaldon and Baltazar. 2011 ) . Aside from increasing population. the rapid urbanisation besides contributes to the country’s job of waste. With the increasing population peculiarly in the urban countries. the sum of solid waste generated per twenty-four hours besides increases. The unit coevals rate of solid waste in the state ranges between 0. 30 to 0. 70kg per capita per twenty-four hours for rural and urban communities severally. ( NSWMC. 2005 ) The deficiency of chances and utmost poorness in the countryside has forced the rural inhabitants to seek better life in the urban countries. Infrastructure in the state is largely focused on the NCR and this hinders the local and regional development. Due to unmanaged urbanisation in Metro Manila and other urban metropoliss. the state is confronting a batch of jobs such as pollution. unequal H2O supply. high unemployment and offense rates. outgrowth of homesteaders. traffic congestion and inefficient waste disposal ( Mangahas. 2006 ) . There is a farther and more direct effect to the continual accretion of waste. The nonliteral term â€Å"buried in garbage† manifested itself literally in the Payatas calamity in Quezon City. Payatas is a 12-hectare garbage dump that is inhabited by around 311. 500 people who make a life from scavenging and selling rubbish. Two typhoons that hit Metro Manila loosened the mountain of refuse and in the forenoon of July 10. 2000. it finally came crashing down on an estimated 300 hovels. killing 224 people. The garbage dump was temporarily closed. Six months after the catastrophe. holding no alternate shit sites. the Payatas garbage dump was reopened ( Bildan. 2003 as cited in Baula. 2005 ) . Besides the menace to our lives. indiscriminate dumping has led to streets being lined with rubbish and to the implosion therapy of our urban homes. Health is threatened when canals. clogged by refuse. go breeding evidences for insects that bring about diseases like cholera and dandy fever. Respiratory diseases are besides brought approximately by the combustion of refuse in our backyards. Landfills produce methane gas which is a potent nursery gas. ( Baula. 2005 ) Policies on Solid Waste Management The go oning debasement of the environment has captured the attending of concerned citizens around the Earth. In the past decennaries. the Filipino authorities has implemented several steps to protect the environment and the wellness of the people from the jeopardies caused by improper waste disposal. Even in the earlier ordinances. proper aggregation and disposal of wastes and the proviso of punishments for non-compliance were already emphasized. ( Ocenar 2001 ) The Filipino authorities has recognized the badness of the refuse job and has prioritized the constitution of appropriate steps to turn to it. The most comprehensive piece of statute law is the Republic Act ( RA ) 9003. known as the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000. which assigns the primary undertaking of execution and enforcement to LGUs. It emphasizes the importance of minimising waste by utilizing techniques such as recycling. resource recovery. reuse. and composting ( Guzman. 2013 ) . Under RA 7160. otherwise known as the Local Government Code. the Filipino LGUs shall be chiefly responsible for the execution and enforcement of the commissariats of this Act within their several legal powers. Segregation and aggregation of solid waste shall be conducted at the barangay degree specifically for biodegradable. compostable and reclaimable wastes provided. that the aggregation of non-recyclable stuffs and particular wastes shall be the duty of the municipality or metropolis ( Section 10 of RA 9003 as cited in Ballados. 2010 ) The barangay shall be responsible for the aggregation. segregation. recycling of biodegradable. reclaimable. compostable and reclaimable wastes. Material Recovery Facilities ( MRFs ) will be established in every barangay or bunch of barangays ( Section 1 of Rule XI of the IRR 9003 ) . Other policies include PD 825 Garbage Disposal Law. PD 984 Pollution Control Law. PD 1151 Phil. Environmental Policy and other regulative policies and local authorities regulations like the hiwa-hiwalay sodium basura SA barangay under the local authorities codification ( Atienza 2011 ) . Role of Educational Institutions to Solid Waste Management Harmonizing to a survey by Hagos in 2008. integrating of environmental instruction in selected curricular plans is really of import particularly for a underdeveloped state like the Philippines. Students must go ?earth-friendly? and commit to environmentally sound life style. They must besides acknowledge mutuality in a planetary village? and be prepared to lend to it. Former President Fidel V. Ramos signed Executive Order No. 15 that answers the call for planetary action on the province of the environment. He created the Philippine Council for Sustainable Development that adopted the Philippine Agenda 21which takes a balanced and incorporate attack to development issues by integrating sustainable development rules and constructs aligned with the national precedences of the authorities. ( Rabago 2008 ) One of the schemes of Philippine Agenda 21 is the publicity of environmental instruction. information and public consciousness. This scheme reinforces P. D. 1152 or the Filipino Environment Code of 1977 that mandates the integrating of environmental instruction into the nucleus course of study of all academic degrees. ( Dejarme 2009 ) This started the bing plans and activities of schools and higher instruction establishments and the integrating of environmental scientific discipline topics in third instruction degree.School Based Solid Waste Management is being practiced in changing grades in a figure of schools throughout Metro Manila. Quezon City had launched the â€Å"Green School Brigade† plan where pupils from six public simple schools were encouraged to convey reclaimable wastes and take them to their schools in exchange for school supplies or food market points ( Reganit. 2008 as cited in Baula. 2005 ) . Marikina City instituted the â€Å"Eco Savers† plan in 2004. necessitating pupils from 18 public simple schools to convey reclaimable refuse from their families to their schools ( Best Practices. 2007 ) . Thirty-six schools in Makati City had besides been chosen to prosecute in waste segregation ( Recycling. 2008 as cited in Baula. 2005 ) . Private companies. as portion of their societal duty. besides pushed attempts towards waste direction run. Samsung Electronics Philippines Manufacturing Corporation in partnership with Toyota Autoparts Inchad chosen one hundred pupils from five spouse schools were chosen as participants to the preparation plan. The partner-schools include: Emilio Aguinaldo Integrated School. Isaac Lopez Integrated School. Bonifacio Javier National High School. Eulogio Rodriguez Vocational High School. and Rizal Experimental Pilot School for Cottage Industries. After the preparation. the schools’ waste direction plans were monitored and evaluated for a period of six months. from August 2006 to April 2007. The LGUs in Bulacan. Nueva Vizcaya. and Sorsogon followed suit and had replicated the plan. . Samsung Electronics Philippines Manufacturing Corp. in Calamba. Laguna. and Toyota Autoparts Inc. in Sta. Rosa. Laguna ( Aguinaldo. 2008 as cited in Baula. 2005 ) . Higher educational establishments ( universities and colleges ) besides started their waste direction undertakings. A good illustration is De LaSalle University. which established their Waste Minimization Campaign last September 2005. They conducted orientation and seminar sing the undertaking with the engagement of the university concessioners. housekeeping section. evidences section. residence hall residents. office secretary/clerks staff. module. pupil leaders and school decision makers. They agreed to make a policy sing the usage of disposable plastic stuffs within the university. DLSU besides designated September as their â€Å"Clean-Up Month† ( DLSU Environmental Resource Management Center. 2005 ) . RTU’s Garbage Disposal Policies Rizal Technological University. similar to other local and foreign universities. has some kind of waste reduction/prevention plan.Recently. ( 2012 ) Rizal Technological University joined the National Search for the Most Eco-Friendly School. a plan measuring the school environmental plans. energy preservation undertakings. H2O use systems and refuse disposal policies. The university highlighted its â€Å"No Plastic Policy† . which started last 2010. purely enforcing the ordinance of disposable fictile stuffs among the pupils. module and the university canteen and nutrient shops ( as cited in RTU one-year accomplishment study ) . RTU besides pattern trash segregation. dividing waste as degradable and non-degradable. However. non-compliance to these policies was observed among RTU population. Significance of the Study Using document reappraisals and cardinal informant interviews. the study’s end is to pull out strength and failing of the university’s solid waste direction and place the best patterns or possible promotion on how RTU’s SWM could be improved. In add-on. the survey can be used for betterment of bing policies with respects to solid waste direction. Research Problem The survey aims to cognize the current position of solid waste direction position in RTU. Aims of the Study This instance survey would wish to seek replies to the followers: How long has it been since the plan ( SWM ) started?Is the plan being sustained over the past few old ages?What promotion has been made to assist the plan?How is RTU’s plan compared with others’ ? MethodologyResearch DesignThe qualitative research method was used in this research survey peculiarly the instance survey type of research probe. The intent of this type of research is to depict objectively the nature of the state of affairs under survey. Instrument Interviews Unstructured questionnaire was used as one of the informations aggregation methods. This questionnaire was used to roll up information from the Environmental Research Department through an interview sing waste direction services and patterns for RTU. Datas are based from our interview with Prof. Marita Geroy. in-charge of the Environmental Research Laboratory. and Dr. Ruth Guzman. president of the Environmental Research Committee. Secondary Datas Solid Waste Management Programs of other universities and municipalities were besides obtained for survey and comparing intents. Procedure Permissions from the Environmental Research Department were sought prior to the behavior of interviews. Interviews would affect Prof. Marita Geroy. in-charge of the Environmental Research Laboratory. and Dr. Ruth Guzman. president of the Environmental Research Committee. Datas Analysis Gathered informations will be presented and will be compared with other school-based solid waste direction plan. Findingss Rizal Technological University started its solid waste direction plan manner back 2004 when Dr. Marivic De Guzman. the Director of Auxiliary services so. created an Ecology Center and funded a composting bioreactor for biodegradable waste. After five old ages. Dr. Ulysses Lim took in charge of the Auxiliary Services ( 2009 ) and implemented the distribution of refuse bags within the university and tarpaulin postings informing the pupils to dispose their rubbish decently. On the same twelvemonth. the RTU disposal decided to fade out the Department of Auxiliary Services and reassign the duties to ( BAO ) Business Affairs Office. BAO continued to administer refuse bags but decided to halt the operation of the university’s bioreactor because of care troubles. In 2010. under Research and Development Center. an Environmental Research Committee was instituted. It was headed by Dr. Ruth Guzman. Part of the Environmental Research Committee is the constitution of Environmental Research Laboratory with Prof. Marita Geroy to oversee the installation. They decided to segregate rubbish by seting labels on the refuse bags as to â€Å"biodegradable† and â€Å"non-biodegradable† . With the supervising of Dr. Ruth Guzman. the Chairperson of Environmental Committee. a Proposed Undertaking for Waste Management was presented to the school disposal. However. the said proposal was non given that much attending and is still non approved by the school functionaries. A survey conducted by Geroy and Meneses in 2010 showed that pupils are cognizant of waste direction but they do non follow the bing policies because segregation was non purely reinforced within the university. Last 2012. RTU joined the National Search for the Most Eco-Friendly School foregrounding its â€Å"No Plastic Policy† which was besides imposed n the same twelvemonth. The policy includes the ordinance on the usage of plastic ( fictile cups ) within the promenade. university canteen and nutrient booth. It besides banned the usage of Styrofoam stuffs inside the campus. Harmonizing to the Environmental Committee. waste coevals decrease has been observed through the bing policies. However. comparing it with other schools. they are still non satisfied with the RTU’s waste direction. RTU’s SWM: Strength Since 2004. the university has been consistent in forcing waste direction policies within the university. The constitution of the university’s Environmental Research Committee strengthened the bing waste direction policies. Information airing has been done through the usage of enlightening tarpaulins and rubbish bags labeling. RTU’s SWM: Failing Proposed undertakings are available. but fiscal resources are non. Compliance depends on execution. Segregation is non purely implemented. The university is cognizant of bing waste segregation. Polotical will is missing among the pupils. Compared with DLSU ( LaSalle ) system. RTU is dawdling behind solid waste direction. DLSU implemented its Entire Waste Segregation through its Solid Waste Management Task Force. They observed important consequences on the decrease of their waste direction ( cited in DLSU Solid Waste Management Report ) . They besides designated 100 janitors and 15 nurserymans working for the cleanliness and beautification of the campus. An one-year forum. comprising of the school decision makers. deans of different colleges and sections. pupils faculty member and spearheaded by the Buildings and Grounds Maintenance Department and the Solid Waste Management Task Force. is being held to show studies and proposals sing solid waste direction. This sort of plans can besides be adopted by RTU for the betterment of the bing policies. Information are based from our interview with Prof. Marita Geroy. in-charge of the Environmental Research Laboratory. and Dr. Ruth Guzman. president of the Environmental Research Committee. Decision From the consequences. we concluded the followers:The university’s present waste direction is focused on segregation. Awareness among the pupils sing segregation is noted. But non-compliance is observed. Recommendation RTU should look into other schools plan and do them guidelines for better policy devising and plan execution. The university can follow other schools’ system sing waste direction. The university should hold separate Solid Waste Management Department for better monitoring of solid waste Mentions Acosta. V. L. Paul. J. G. et. Al. Implementing Regional Ecology Centers in the Visayas Region. Philippines: Networking To Enhance Sector Development AndSolid Waste Management Bennagen. M. E. . Nepomuceno. G. and Covar. R. . 2002. Resources. Environment A ; Economics Center For Studies ( REECS ) ; A Summary of EEPSEA Research Report 2002. RR3. Resources. Environment A ; Economics Center For Studies Aquino. P. A. . Delina. L. et. Al ; Mobilizing Public Support for a Sustainable Solid Waste Management: The Case Study of Santo Tomas Municipality. Philippines Sumalde. Z. . 2005. A Summary of EEPSEA Research Report 2005-RR1. Execution and Financing of Solid Waste Management in the Philippines Ballados. M. T. . Measuring the Solid Waste Management Practices in Bacolod City. Philippines Baula. E. . 2010 School-Based Solid Waste Management Initiative in the Philippines: Lessons and Experiences of the Toyota Auto Parts and Sta. Rosa City Partnership Torres. E. . Solid Waste Management in the Philippines Atienza. V. . Review of the Waste Management System in the Philippines: Enterprises to Promote Waste Segregation and Recycling through Good Governance Atienza. V. . A Breakthrough in Solid Waste Management through Participation and Community Mobilization: The Experience of Los Ba?os. Laguna. Philippines

Knowledge Encyclopedia - DK and Smithsonian Institution

Knowledge Encyclopedia - DK and Smithsonian Institution Summary Knowledge Encyclopedia is a large (10† X 12† and 360 pages) book from DK Publishing that benefits from big, colorful computer generated images, including 3D images. The book, developed with the Smithsonian Institution, provides detailed information for each of its many illustrations.   While the publisher recommends the book for ages 8 to 15, I think younger children and adults will also find the book full of fascinating illustrations and facts and I recommend it for age 6 to adults. The Illustrations The emphasis throughout Knowledge Encyclopedia is on visual learning.   Beautifully constructed and detailed illustrations are used to present information and the text is used to fully explain the visual images. The illustrations include photographs, maps, tables and charts, but it is the computer generated images of animals, the human body, planets, habitats and much more that make this book spectacular.   The illustrations are fascinating, making the reader anxious to read all the text in order to learn more. The Organization of the Book Knowledge Encyclopedia is divided into six major categories: Space, Earth, Nature, Human Body, Science and History. Each of these categories has a number of sections: Space The 27-page long Space category has two sections: The Universe and Space Exploration. Some of the topics covered include: The Big Bang, galaxies, the sun, solar system, astronomy, space mission to the moon and exploring the planets. Earth The Earth category has six sections: Planet Earth, Tectonic Earth, Earth’s Resources, Weather, Shaping the Land and Earth’s Oceans.   Some of the topics covered in the 33-page section include: the Earth’s climate, volcanoes and earthquakes, rocks and minerals, hurricanes, the water cycle, caves, glaciers and the ocean floor. Nature The Nature category has five sections: How Life Began, The Living World, Invertebrates, Vertebrates and Survival Secrets.   Among the topics covered in the 59 pages are dinosaurs, how fossils form, plant life, green energy, insects, the life cycle of the butterfly. fish, amphibians, Frog life cycle, reptiles, the crocodile, how birds fly, mammals and the African elephant.   Ã‚   Human Body The 49-page Human Body category includes four sections: Body Basics, Fueling the Body, In Control and Life Cycle. Some of the topics covered include: the skeleton, how food moves from the mouth to the stomach, blood, air supply, the nervous system, brainpower, the sense, life in the womb, genes and DNA. Science There are four sections in the Science category, which is 55 pages long. Matter, Forces, Energy and Electronics include 24 different topics. Among them are atoms and molecules, the elements, laws of motion, gravity, flight, light, sound, electricity, the digital world and robotics. History The four sections of the History category are The Ancient World, The Medieval World, The Age of Discovery, and The Modern World. The 36 topics covered in the History categorys 79 pages include: the first humans, Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece, The Roman Empire, Viking raiders, religious wars and faiths, the Ottoman Empire, The Silk Road, voyage to the Americas, the Renaissance, Imperial China, the slave trade, The Enlightenment, wars of the 18th-21st Century, The Cold War and the 1960s.   Ã‚   Additional Resources Additional resources include a reference section, a glossary and an index. There is a wealth of information in the reference section, which is 17-pages long. Included are sky maps of the night sky, a map of the world, with information about time zones, continent size and continental populations; flags of countries around the world, an evolutionary tree of life; entertaining charts and statistics on remarkable animals and their feats and a variety of conversion tables, plus wonders, events and people throughout history. My Recommendation While I recommend Knowledge Encyclopedia for a wide range of ages (6 to adult), I also especially recommend it for reluctant readers, kids who love to collect facts and kids who are visual learners. It’s not a book you’ll want to read straight through. It’s a book you and your kids will want to dip into again and again, sometimes in search of specific information, sometimes to see what you can find that looks interesting. (DK Publishing, 2013. ISBN: 9781465414175) More Recommended Nonfiction Books The Scientists in the Field series is excellent. The books include: Kakapo Rescue: Saving the World’s Strangest Parrot, Digging for Bird Dinosaurs, The Snake Scientist and The Wildlife Detective.   I recommend the series for ages 9 to 14, although I have also found that some younger kids who favor nonfiction enjoy the books as read alouds. I recommend the following nonfiction books for kids with an interest in weather and natural disasters: Inside Tornadoes, Inside Hurricanes and Tsunamis: Witness to Disaster.   For more nonfiction resources, see my directories Tornadoes: Recommended Nonfiction Kids’ Books and Tsunamis: Nonfiction Kids’ Books.

Legalization of Coca Production In Bolivia Essay

Legalization of Coca Production In Bolivia - Essay Example Morales has made discrimination and oppression experienced by Bolivia's indigenous groups a top priority in his presidency (Brea). Since the early 1990s, the United States of America has put pressure on the Bolivian government to reduce the amount of coca leaves produced for refinement by the international drug trade. Cocaine is one of the many ingredients in the coca leaves. In 1995 the livelihood of one out of eight Bolivians was dependent on coca, with Bolivia the world's largest grower of coca after Peru and Columbia. Hugo Banzer, who was Bolivia's president at the time, developed a plan to eradicate the coca plant (Evo 9.3.3.1-2). Between 1997 and 2000, the production of coca fell from 45,800 hectares to 14,600 hectares. The eradication program has been funded by the United States with an average of $150 million a year (Evo 9.3.3). The focus on farmers rather than traffickers created worsening external economic conditions for peasants who had depended on coca production for their livelihood. Evo Morales began a campaign to oppose the eradication of the coca leaf crops. He was elected to the Bolivian Congress but was expelled in 2002 because of his association with anti-eradication factions. However, in 2005 he was supported by coca farmers and became president of Bolivia. His position was "zero cocaine and zero drug trafficking, but not zero coca or zero cocaleros (coca growers)" (Evo, 9.9.3.4). The Culture of Coca In determining whether Evo Morales should be encouraged or discouraged in his efforts to end the eradication of coca, the reasons for his efforts need a background in the use of the coca leaf itself. Coca has long played an important role in the culture of the Andeans, mainly as a chewable health supplement. The coca leaf contains many essential nutrients in addition to its well-known mood-altering substance, cocaine. It is rich in proteins and vitamins and grows in regions where other food sources are scarce. The energy boost from the cocaine in the leaf is very functional in areas where oxygen is scarce and extensive walking is necessary. Chewing coca leaves continues to be common in the high-altitude mountains of Bolivia (Coca 2.2; Oomen par. 11). It is further used as a spiritual substance by Andeans. It is the contention of the United States that the eradication of coca throughout the world is an important step in the effort to eradicate the production of cocaine and the illegal trafficking of cocaine. The policy of the international community-most often represented by the UN drug control agency, the United States Ambassador and to a lesser degree, the European Union representatives-has been more harmful in the Andean countries than in Europe, with violence, human rights violations and corruption. In Europe, the effort to close down the coca production is not so strictly advocated as in the United States. One representative of the European NGO Council on Drugs (ENCOD) offered awareness in 2003 of the effect of "fumigating 260,000 hectares of coca and opium to such an extent that farmers will be unable to grow anything in these fields for the next 15 to 20 years" (Oomen, par. 2). In the 1980s, the coca farmers in the Chapare (Bolivia) witnessed how US forces were organizing coca ine transportation instead of fighting coca cultivation. It was Oomen's concern that the